Green World (ISSN 2737-6109) is an international, multidisciplinary, open access journal. It publishes regular research papers, reviews, letters, commentaries, speeches, interviews, communications and short notes, with no restrictions on the length of papers.
Marine pollution from anthropogenic activities
The marine ecosystem is of great importance not only because its diversity is indispensable to the planet, but also because it provides economic services for humans. This research analyses the anthropogenic activities that pollute the sea. The methodology used was based on a bibliographic review, essentially of books, articles and journals on the marine ecosystem. The results of the research highlight three human activities that largely affect marine biodiversity: hydrocarbon pollution that occurs mainly through industrial discharges and urban dredging, ship operations, oil accidents, natural sources and hydrocarbon exploration. On the other hand, pollution by industries occurs through industrial wastes dumped in rivers and subsequently transported through these channels to the sea. Finally, pollution by plastic waste occurs because people throw garbage into rivers and these are transported to the sea by currents.
pollution of the sea; anthropogenic activities; pollution by oil; pollution by industrial waste; pollution by plastic waste
Ecological monitoring in protected areas of Ecuador: Galápagos National Park and Yasuní National Park
The conservation approaches have been oriented to the creation of areas of protection of biodiversity to guarantee the fulfillment of the objectives of the CBD, this is fulfilled through the ecological monitoring an important tool that provides data, either positive or negative, about the state of the ecological environment, these data are relevant for conservation managements. The objective is to analyze criteria and information on geographical and ecological aspects of the Galápagos and Yasuní protected areas, through a review of the literature, so that they can be used in the design of relevant and practical ecological monitoring programs with biodiversity conservation priorities and serve in the decision-making process for the management of the protected area. The protected areas mentioned above are the main sources of biodiversity for the country. Currently, they do not have ecological monitoring programs; however, other types of monitoring are conducted that provide biodiversity and landscape information
Ecology; biodiversity; nature reserves; conservation; sustainability
Ecosystem services are known as the products that ecosystems offer us and are of great importance for the balance of the environment and for the subsistence of humanity. These services are classified as provisioning, cultural, regulatory and support, they can take a monetary value for commercialization in the market, which often leads to over-exploitation and causes deterioration in quality. For this reason, this bibliographic review is carried out to highlight the importance of biodiversity and the quality of ecosystem services, since an ecosystem that is threatened, its biodiversity, its services lower its quality, so that this does not happen, we must take more care of ecosystems and protect biodiversity.
services; ecosystem; biodiversity; assessment; consequence
Biodiversity Conservation: A Case in Ecuador and China
The conservation of biodiversity is in the interest of all humanity since planet Earth has a great diversity of living organisms. At the same time it is of fundamental importance to maintain environmental stability and improve the quality of life. The countries of Ecuador and China are among the 17 mega-diverse countries in the world that have the highest biodiversity index of both flora and fauna. That at the same time also presents different threats in its biodiversity, which is the effect on the functional relationships between species in an ecosystem. In addition, which perform the conservation of biodiversity, based on 2 approaches to conservation in situ and ex situ. It should be emphasized that thanks to conservation, it guarantees the maintenance of biodiversity and at the same time advances management systems to cultivate an environmentalist attitude towards biodiversity conservation.
in situ; ex situ; ecosystem services; convention on biological diversity; ecological systems; protected areas
Introduction and history of graphic design
Graphic design is defined as the practical art of planning, projecting ideas and experiences with visual and textual content. In other words, it communicates certain ideas or messages visually. These elements can be as simple as a company's logo or as complex as the page designs of a website. It can be used by companies to promote and sell products through advertising, by websites to transmit complicated information in a digestible way through computer graphics, or by companies to develop an identity through branding. The aim of the study was to analyze the history and advances of graphic design. Information that provides a clear idea about its evolution.
evolution, advances, information, painting.
Lesson Study: Norway, United States and Japan
The lesson study is a pedagogical methodology that allows the strengthening of academic learning, starting from the identification of the problem, followed by the analysis, observation, re- planning, execution of the re-planning and dissemination of results. All this process is carried out in a collaborative way between teachers and directors and students, thus promoting the correction of shortcomings in teaching practice. This document provides a general overview of the study of the lesson, as well as case studies in Norway, the United States and Japan where the application of the mentioned methodology generates positive results. The information described was carried out through a bibliographic review in databases such as: ScienceDirect, MDPI and academic Google. The documentary sources consulted include: scientific articles and books. It is important to mention that the study of the lesson is a tool that allows the strengthening and continuous improvement in the teacher - student learning
Methodology; students; teachers; strategies; learning
Environmental monitoring criteria used for the bioremediation of soils contaminated by explosive chemicals
La biorremediación es una tecnología respetuosa con el medio ambiente porque utiliza los propios microbios de la naturaleza para degradar los contaminantes de interés. Se ha llevado a cabo una amplia investigación sobre esta tecnología de eliminación de residuos para degradar los contaminantes explosivos. Esta investigación describe los métodos de monitoreo ambiental utilizados en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados por explosivos. Factores biogeoquímicos destacados, a saber, la presencia y la viabilidad de microorganismos, la biodisponibilidad de contaminantes, el pH, la temperatura, el contenido de humedad, las condiciones redox, la presencia/adición de sustratos y nutrientes y, según se informa, intermedios en el entorno del suelo. Los contaminantes pueden afectar la biorremediación de explosivos. También resume el progreso de la nueva aplicación y las perspectivas de investigación futuras de la tecnología avanzada de instrumentos analíticos, y presenta algunas sugerencias, que aclararán la selección de instrumentos de monitoreo apropiados para evaluar la posibilidad de biorremediación.
Soil bioremediation, biogeochemical factors, monitoring, molecular tools, instrument technology.
Ecological indicators of habitat in the Amazon region - Ecuador
Assessing the conservation status of biodiversity has become a challenge, which involves making effective decisions in a short period of time. Biodiversity managers focus on evaluating the components of natural systems using ecological indicators. The diversity of natural areas is one of the factors that make Ecuador a diverse country with one of the greatest variations of species in the world. The objective of this research is to analyze species concepts as ecological indicators, and to evaluate the abundance of biodiversity in the Ecuadorian Amazon region, through a bibliographic review to carry out an analysis of bird and ant species as a tool for monitoring habitat quality, in order to emphasize priority actions for the conservation of Ecuadorian biodiversity. The relevance of the biodiversity of the Amazon requires that the management policy implements monitoring systems to measure the magnitude of impacts on the habitats.
Biodiversity; conservation; species; ecosystem; assessment.
Cause-Effect of Anthropogenic Activities on the Amazon Rainforest: A Global View
The Amazon rainforest is a major carbon sink for the entire planet. Anthropogenic activities are direct threats to tropical forests. Global changes are affecting the functioning of forests around the world. The objective of this study was to provide an overview of the causes and effects that the Amazon rainforest is suffering. In addition to giving a general idea of how anthropogenic activities affect its functioning. A systematic search was conducted using various databases in high impact scientific journals. Mining and deforestation activities directly affect the health and recovery of the Amazon rainforest. The human impact on deforestation and forest degradation threatens to make tropical forests the epicenter of current and future extinctions. Tropical forests are key to the carbon cycle of the entire planet, capturing half of all atmospheric CO2 fixed by terrestrial ecosystems. The destruction of forests is detrimental and generates worse capacities to withstand natural and anthropogenic disturbances, in general they function worse.
Amazon, Gold mining, Deforestation, Carbon sink, Global human modification.
Biofloc technology (BFT): Generalities, requirements and advantages
This paper represents a compilation of information from 20 documents (including review articles, experimental papers and reports), organized in 3 sections that explore the generalities (definitions and trophic dynamics), requirements (physical and technical) and advantages/disadvantages of the implementation of Biofloc Technology (BFT) in super-intensive aquaculture systems. The aim of the research is to locate the reader in terms of the functioning and ecological-economic benefits of the implementation of biofloc systems in aquaculture production.
aquaculture; microorganisms; biofloc; sustainability
The biodiversity includes the set of all the alive beings of the planet, jointly is the term ecosystem that is defined like the relation of the human being with its surroundings due to this I am made the investigation on the fragile ecosystems: Páramos of Ecuador characterized by its diversity of Flora and Fauna, ecological importance in social, cultural and economic aspects the population that inhabits in the low zones of the Páramo is marginalized people with few economic resources where its main work is agriculture for that reason they protect and conserve each space of the Páramo, being the water like important ecosystemic service. Their main impacts are framed by the anthropic activity so conservation measures must be applied so that this ecosystem is in a state of threat. The information was consolidated by books, thesis, reports from various databases where it allowed to know about the Paramos ecosystem that is located in the country of Ecuador being one of the megadiverse countries.
grassland; livestock; agriculture; sustainability, water
Current situation of tourism in Ecuador: challenges and opportunities
Before the health crisis, one of the most important sectors for the national economy was tourism, therefore to guarantee the economic development it is necessary to reactivate and boost this sector. The objective of this research was to identify challenges and opportunities for tourism in Ecuador through the analysis of information collected through bibliographic review. A socio- demographic tourist profile was described in periods before and after COVID- 19, and changes were identified in terms of travel, interests and needs. The results obtained refer that the health crisis modifies the preferences related to the company, destinations and number of nights, thus, tourists currently prefer to travel as a couple or alone, they choose large places to avoid contagion and spend fewer nights at their destination. Finally, the study concluded that the current situation represents a challenge for the country in terms of the improvement and diversification of tourist attractions, that if carried out and managed properly, it could generate a positive economic impact in a medium or long term.
Tourism; challenges; COVID -19; development; sustainability
Introduction of agroforestry systems as an alternative for sustainable development and climate change mitigation in Tropical Latin America
As our climate continues to warm and its impacts become more frequent and severe, farmers and farming communities worldwide will face increasing challenges. The combination of advancing climate change and an already vulnerable industrial system is a "perfect storm" that threatens farmers' livelihoods and our food supply. This research aims to analyze the experiences of tropical Latin American countries in introducing agroforestry systems as an alternative for sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Agroforestry systems offer a sustainable development alternative because they increase farmers' profit margins and provide various ecosystem services, the most important being carbon sequestration.
agriculture; ecological impacts; ecosystem
Tourism and COVID-19: Socioeconomic and environmental problems in Ecuador
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 62.5 million confirmed cases and more than 1.5 million deaths worldwide. It has triggered an impending economic crisis and recession. Social distancing, self-isolation, and travel restrictions have reduced the workforce across all sectors of the economy and led to widespread job losses. The COVID-19 crisis presents a critical moment to align efforts to sustain tourism-dependent livelihoods with a more resilient, inclusive, carbon-neutral, and resource-efficient future. The pandemic has compelled the tourism sector to prioritize sustainability and green growth to transform into a resilient, competitive, resource-efficient, and carbon-neutral tourism industry. Green investments for recovery could target protected areas, renewable energy, smart buildings, and the circular economy, among other opportunities.
pandemic, crisis, economy, sustainability.
Interrelationships between mathematics and environmental sciences
Mathematical problems involving basic calculations, percentages, ratios, tables, pie charts, and graphs are used to illustrate environmental problems such as population growth, resource scarcity, air and water pollution, and electric power demand. The integration of math, science, and environmental education allows students to benefit from all three areas simultaneously. Science encompasses the art of questioning, investigating, hypothesizing, and discovering. Math is the language that provides clarity, objectivity and understanding. Problem solving, creative thinking in math and science, basic knowledge, decision making, and environmental training are available over a period of time in a properly designed and directed activity. Teachers are also more interested when they use methods and concepts that are more familiar
education, university, relationships, problems.
Agroforestry systems as an alternative for sustainable development and climate change mitigation
The research objective is to determine the effectiveness of a training program based on the design of agroforestry systems as an alternative for sustainable development and climate change mitigation. The deductive method was employed, using an explanatory research design with a quasi-experimental experimental and control group, and pre- and post-testing. With a significance level of 0.05 for the ANOVA test, the most significant axis in the population sample was found to be sustainable development (SD), with a value of 0.004, followed by sustainable agroforestry vision (SAV), with a significance of 0.133. Since both are fundamental to the curriculum design of the applied program, its implementation is considered effective. The sustainable agroforestry vision is developed from a complex and multidisciplinary perspective, contributing to the sum of efforts and resources for the optimization of the ecological environment as a space for the optimal development of the diverse species that comprise it.
subsistence agriculture; agricultural policy; ecology; ecosystem.
Agro-tourism in the Northern Amazon: Starting point for the design of a tourist route
Authentic agrotourism represents a paradigm of happiness and intersectoral integration and a successful example of urban-rural development. Improving the combination and cooperation between agriculture and tourism has greater potential, leading to multiple perspectives that result in mutually beneficial situations that increase local and regional added value. The objective of the study focused on the analysis of agrotourism, its types and attempts to link the essence of concepts to make a difference between a rural macro tourism and pure agrotourism. These data serve as a starting point for new projects in Ecuador's northern Amazon region. It was possible to compile significant differences that will allow the creation, planning and design of robust agrotourism routes that will contribute to the local, regional and national economic dynamization.
Species of ethnomedicinal use in the primary forest of the Canton Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Napo - Ecuador
Currently, there is a growing global demand for medicinal species that grow spontaneously in forests, and some of these are threatened with extinction due to the excessive exploitation of these important forest resources. Therefore, a study of species with ethnomedicinal potential in the primary forest of the Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola Canton in the Napo province was conducted using survey data from 50 families in the Kichwa communities. The study concludes that these families are intimately linked to the use and management of forest resources, as 98% of the population knows and understands the mechanisms for combating various illnesses. These plants are mostly collected by elders and used in teas, poultices, decoctions, infusions, or fresh. The primary form of consumption is the leaves, and the plants are consumed as infusions. The community has a strong interest in conserving these species, perceiving them as more affordable and readily available. Twenty-five very common species are used to counteract certain diseases, and when the study is carried out in the primary forest, new herbaceous, shrubby and arboreal species emerge, identifying 30 families and 48 genera, and it is recommended to continue with in situ and ex situ research and to maintain a live germplasm bank
Medicinal species; primary forest; Kichwa communities
Factors that improve the community-based tourism management model in the northern Amazon of Ecuador
The objective of the present study was based on identifying the factors that improve the model of community-based tourism management in the northern Amazon of Ecuador. The analysis of this research is qualitative and the bibliographic method was used to analyze the main approaches; in addition, different types of documents were analyzed, including case studies, which allowed for the identification of the territory's actors, with the understanding that community-based tourism does not only consider a mercantilist-productive vision, but also a sustainable management of resources, where the model must conceive community tourism as part of an integral strategy, formed not only by economic capital, but also by different types of capital, such as the degree of association of their organizations, culture, worldview, among others, which should be considered to design an intervention strategy, and improve the Community Tourism Management Model.
Community tourism, social capital, sustainability, associativity, local development
Perspective of soil conservation in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Soil conservation refers to the application of technologies that prevent the degradation of the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil. This paper analyzed and described the main soil conservation technologies and the general characteristics of Ecuadorian Amazonian soils through a documentary review to establish recommendations on appropriate technologies for soil conservation. Soil conservation technologies are classified into four categories: agronomic, vegetative, structural and management. Soil characteristics were described based on the landscapes present in the region: Sub-Andean relief and Peri-Andean Amazon, where the soils identified belonged to the orders: Andosols, Inceptisols, Oxisols and Entisols. The application of conservation management technologies was the main strategy to guarantee the sustainability of the region's soil, followed by agronomic technologies, which emphasize the application of integrated agricultural systems.
Ecuador; sustainable technologies; land use; agriculture; livestock; erosion
Environmental risk assessment in land transport of chemicals of risk classes 3 and 9, Ecuador
Transport is an essential activity for the social and economic development of a country. In Ecuador, fuel transport is distributed nationally, which not only brings benefits but also negative consequences if one considers the possible accidents that may occur. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the environmental risk of land transport of class 3 and 9 chemicals from 14 routes at the national level in order to develop prevention, mitigation and prompt response actions to an event. In effect, the evaluation was divided into several stages. First, the study sections were defined, historical accident data was obtained for the period 2014 to 2019, the state of the roads was obtained through the use of ArcGIS, and finally the risks were evaluated with the Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis method, which considers the road, environmental, human and vehicle factors. Finally, the evaluation identified that they present high risks due to the pathways factors 67%, human 69% and environmental 90%, it can be said that additional individual and social risk assessment studies are needed to allow efficient risk management in heavy land transport.
Environmental risk; chemical; transport; danger
Limoncocha Biological Reserve: History, tourism and biodiversity
Biological Diversity or Biodiversity is all living organisms on planet earth. It is divided into three categories, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Natural protected areas are strategic surfaces for the protection and conservation of biodiversity. Ecuador is one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world and the first by unit of surface. The objective of this research was to describe the history and trend of tourism in the Limoncocha Biological Reserve (RBL). The methodology used was based on an exhaustive bibliographic review that revealed important information about the creation of the RBL. On the other hand, the biodiversity in the RBL was described. The main results indicate that the RBL is one of the smallest Protected Areas in the country, but with an immense wealth of biodiversity, a privileged zone for tourist activities, allowing the sighting of avifauna and herpetofauna. In recent years the presence of visitors has increased. It is necessary to strengthen its diffusion at a national and international level, allowing for an increase.
Limoncocha Biological Reserve; biodiversity; tourism; protected areas.
Mathematics and its importance in biodiversity conservation
Numerous indicator approaches are found in the scientific literature to describe changes in biodiversity. However, it is not clear which indicators are the most appropriate and which are less suitable for summarizing trends in biodiversity. One reason for this lack of clarity is that the mathematical properties of indicator approaches have so far received little attention. In this article, we discuss the importance of the mathematical properties for biodiversity. We summarize the mathematics for biodiversity scenarios. Finally, we present conclusions and challenges that underlie the approach and may limit the understanding of these stakeholders and their engagement. In that sense, a good strategy to adapt participatory processes to real-life applications would be to start with the identification of criteria and thresholds of feasibility before the determination of controlled dynamics, which is usually more complicated.
Mathematics; biodiversity; conservation; protected areas
Wetland Tourism in Ecuador: Analysis of RAMSAR Sites
Ecotourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry. Tourism and wetlands have a complex and profound relationship. Wetlands are considered some of the most productive ecosystems in the world because they provide water, food, building materials, transport, coastal protection and also provide important opportunities for tourism and recreation. The objective of the study was to analyze and describe in a general way the RAMSAR sites in Ecuador, through a systematic bibliographic review. Finally, an overview of wetland tourism in Ecuador is presented. The main results indicate that there are 19 RAMSAR sites in Ecuador as of 2020. Wetland tourism is on the rise, and these sites are visited mainly by people interested in enjoying landscapes and observing wildlife species. It is important to implement new policies and regulations to preserve these sites with sustainable measures.
Ecuador; RAMSAR; natural areas; Galapagos
Evaluation of management effectiveness in protected areas in northeast Ecuador
The Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEA) is a fundamental tool for planning and managing protected areas worldwide. It provides necessary information on the state of resources, threats and opportunities, allowing you to improve your planning strategies and make them more efficient. The objective of this study is to evaluate and describe the protected areas of northeastern Ecuador, through an analysis of strengths and weaknesses, to determine their management effectiveness. The methodology used was based on the application of 44 questions formulated, depending on environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. These questions were classified into seven programs: personnel, administration, planning, control and surveillance, communication, environmental education and participation, public use and tourism, and biodiversity management. The most relevant results obtained were the average threat level in the Cuyabeno Fauna Production Reserve and the Cofán Bermejo Ecological Reserve, while in the other protected areas the threat level is low. The management effectiveness of the six protected areas studied is in a satisfactory range of scores. It can be concluded that Yasuní National Park is the best managed, with a percentage of 66.09%, which means that its management effectiveness is satisfactory.
Orellana; Napo; Sucumbíos; protected areas; environmental standards; SNAP
Biodiversity and tourism: A proposal to improve the economy, Yasuní National Park
Tourism in Ecuador is one of the main factors of economic income. Many communities use the offer of cultural and recreational services as an engine for development. However, its management and handling has not been adequate due to different factors such as the lack of information for the community members who carry out these projects and the support of government entities. The objective of this study is to propose a community-based conservation tourism proposal to improve the economy of the Rio Indillama community in Yasuní National Park. The methodology was based on a compilation and bibliographic analysis of research articles, ordinances and field interviews. The main results of the proposal are classified into 4 stages for tourism use: egg collection, planting, hatching and release of the hatchlings. In this way, tourists will appreciate and value the importance of this species and learn about the process of conservation of the Charapa species. Community-based tourism plays an important role in the socio-cultural and socioeconomic transformation of this community, through a series of stages that link the tourist, generating learning experiences that facilitate the capture of the species' conservation message
Ecuador; risks; legislation; exploitation; wáter
Conflicts and impacts generated by mining: a threat to the territory of the Cofán de Sinangoe indigenous community, Sucumbíos - Ecuador
Obtaining natural resources from mining activities generates social and economic conflicts that result in environmental impacts to the components water, soil, flora, fauna and aesthetics. These activities affect the communities living in the areas of influence. The objective of the study was to evaluate the conflicts and environmental impacts generated by the exploitation of natural resources. The data was obtained from social actors through a field interview with people directly affected, a visual analysis made by experts in the field on the report VISION 360, a program broadcast by a famous television channel in Ecuador. The results indicate that the most affected are the social conflicts that are mostly associated with children's health, as well as the rejection by the Cofán community of Sinangoe of the decisions made by the environmental authority. Water resources, fauna, natural landscape and landscape with the aspects that have suffered the greatest impact.
Evaluation of the cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao l.), using two fermenters, Orellana and Sucumbíos provinces, Ecuador
The study took place in the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos. In these provinces, cacao is one of the most important agricultural products, and its derivatives aim to position themselves as environmentally friendly due to their location within the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve's area of ​​influence. The purpose of this work was to define the quality of Nacional and Trinitario (CCN51) cacao using the fermentation process in sacks, a method employed locally by small-scale producers, and with the use of Rohan boxes as an alternative for handling small quantities of the species. The physical characteristics analyzed were the percentage of fermented beans, seed index, number of kernels per 100 g, testa percentage, cotyledon pH, and testa pH. The results that showed significant differences regarding the influence of the fermentation type were the percentage of fermented beans (Rohan boxes: 79.6%; in bags: 60.4%), testa pH (Rohan boxes: 7.02; in bags: 6.05), and cotyledon pH (Rohan boxes: 5.61; in bags: 4.96), while the type of cocoa produced significant differences in the seed index (National: 1.34, CCN51: 1.61) and number of beans per 100g (National: 65.5, CCN51: 80). The percentage of fermented beans using the Rohan box reached the ASSS category range, while fermentation in bags reached the ASN category range. The cotyledon pH suggests good fermentation in the Rohan boxes, while with bags, fermentation was incomplete.
Ecuador, cocoa, fermentation, varieties, Amazon
Análisis de la legislación ambiental para la protección y conservación de la biodiversidad en la región amazónica del Ecuador
From a geographical point of view, Ecuador is a small country. Therefore, it is characterized by its diversity of climatic zones, and an abundant population of plant and animal species. The Ecuadorian Amazon extends over a very extensive area of lush vegetation typical of tropical rainforests. The Amazon ecosystem, especially its tropical rainforest, is considered one of the richest and most complex plant and animal habitats in the world. The most important characteristic in the region is the existence of a flora and fauna along with extraordinary variations of macro and micro- habitats. The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental legislation for the protection and conservation of biodiversity in the Amazon Region and to discuss its challenges and opportunities in the face of constant changes in regulations and policies. The methodology used was based on the analysis of ten key elements: policies, regulations, institutions, strategies, instruments, information, education, resources, managers and participation. The main results indicate that the Ecuadorian Amazon region received support in terms of training and international funding, but this has not been sufficient to guarantee proper management, due to a high level of discontinuity in political, economic and administrative factors. All of this has been detrimental to the development of tourism and the economy in the Amazon areas.
Biodiversity, Species, Legislation, Ecosystem, Conservation, Amazon.
Impact on the development of socio-emotional skills on academic performance and school coexistence in basic education.
This study analyzes the impact of socio-emotional skills development on academic performance and school climate among elementary school students. The research employed a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, descriptive-correlational design. Standardized instruments were used to collect data on socio-emotional skills and school climate, while academic performance was obtained from official grade records. The results show that students with higher levels of socio-emotional skills demonstrate better academic performance and contribute significantly to building a positive school climate. Furthermore, a direct relationship was identified between a positive school climate and academic achievement. These findings confirm the importance of systematically integrating socio-emotional development into elementary education as a key component for promoting holistic learning, student well-being, and a harmonious school environment.
Socio-emotional skills, academic performance, school coexistence, basic education.